A plant geek visits southern Norway

a picture of Heddal stave church
Heddal stave church (Heddal stavkirke), built in the early 1200s.

How about a travelogue post? These photos were taken in 2019, and this post has been lurking, half-completed, in my drafts folder for several years. Luckily, flower and landscape pictures don’t become outdated, so I can still polish it up and post it.

Our last big adventure before the COVID pandemic was a trip to southern Norway in June of 2019. It was the first trip to that beautiful country for my wife and kids, and the first time I had been back since 1985. There were some cool plants to be seen.

Getting there and back again

Our plan was to fly Raleigh-Newark-Oslo, spend a couple of days in museums, and then drive across across to Stavanger on the west coast where I lived for a little over four years as a teenager. After about a week exploring southern Rogaland, we’d drive back to Oslo and fly home.

The flying part turned out to be not so easy. Thunderstorms on the east coast of the U.S. caused an unscheduled five-hour stopover at Dulles. We missed our connection and had to stay overnight in a ratty hotel in Newark before flying out the next day via Stockholm. On our return, storms again stranded us in Newark. With no hotel vacancies, not even ratty ones, and no flights available for days, we stood in line for about six hours to rent a car and then drove ten hours while jetlagged. Not fun.

On the other hand, renting a car in Norway was an inspired idea. In some countries (UK and Ireland, I’m looking at you), driving puts my blood pressure through the roof, but driving through southern Norway was thoroughly enjoyable. Speed limits were slow, drivers were civilized, and roads, tunnels, bridges, and ferries were in great condition…and the scenery was fantastic. We ended up with a hybrid RAV4 from Hertz that turned out to be the perfect size–big enough for our luggage and fishing rods, small enough to maneuver down narrow mountain roads.

Oslo and a road trip to the west

Due to the delay in Newark, we had only one afternoon in Oslo, just long enough to visit the Viking Ship Museum and the Vikingr exhibit at the Museum of Cultural History. The kids were suitably impressed by the thousand-year-old Oseberg and Gokstad ships. It never ceases to amaze me that norse mariners could cross the north Atlantic, the “old grey widow-maker”, in vessels like the Gokstad ship.

a picture of carvings on the prow of a viking longship
Interlocked animal carvings decorate the prow of the viking-era Oseberg Ship

The next day, we started our road trip to Stavanger. The drive can easily be made in a single day along the south coast, but we decided to take the inland route, following E134 through Viken and Vestfold og Telemark counties, with an overnight stop half-way.

Oslo-Stavanger

At lunch time, we stopped for a couple of hours to explore Heddal stave church (see top photo). Then we continued on to the Haukelifjell Guesthouse, where we spent the night (highly recommended: not fancy, but friendly, clean, and comfortable with good, simple food). After supper, we took advantage of the long-lit summer evening and explored the shore of Vågslivatnet, the lake adjacent to the guesthouse. In seeps along the shoreline, I found two species of carnivorous plants: Drosera intermedia (oblong-leaf sundew) and Pinguicula vulgaris (common butterwort), the latter in full bloom.

a picture of sundew leaves
Drosera intermedia
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Pinguicula vulgaris flowers
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Pinguicula vulgaris leaf rosettes

On drier ground the beautiful flowers of Silene dioica, red campion, were common:

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Silene dioica

The next day’s drive was one of the most enjoyable and scenic in my experience. Shortly after leaving Haukelifjell Gjestehus, our route took us up above the treeline, where there was still snow in late June. In the absence of trees, the plant life was mostly hardy grasses and low-growing ericaceous shrubs.

picture of a lake and windswept hillsides
View of Ulevåvatnet from the side of E134 near Røldal.

At Røldal, we left E134 and headed south on country road (Fylkesvei; Fv.) 520. At this point, we were on the Scenic Route Ryfylke. The narrow road took us up over the mountains and then down to sea level at Sauda, a little town at the north end of Saudafjorden. Just south of Sauda, we stopped at Svandalsfossen, a huge waterfall that tumbles down the hillside and cascades under the road just before it plunges into the fjord.

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A big waterfall (this is just the top half). There are lots of them in Norway.

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Valeriana officinalis (wild valerian) growing beside Svandalsfossen

Climbing the stairway beside Svandalsfossen was fun, but lets face it, waterfalls are dime-a-dozen in Norway. I was more interested in a side trip to Sand, a little south of where Saudafjorden merges with Sandsfjorden. The village of Sand sits on the banks of Suldalslagen, one of Norway’s salmon rivers, and just outside of town is Laksestudio Suldal, an underwater viewing window where you can watch wild atlantic salmon and sea trout (anadromous brown trout) make their way upstream to spawn. We were a few weeks early for the main salmon run, but there were still some impressive fish to be seen.

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Salmon and sea trout seen through the window of Laksestudio Suldal
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Suldalslagen. Just upstream of Laksestudio Suldal is Høsebrua, a pedestrian bridge with open mesh floor that allows you to watch the river flowing under your feet.

After Sand, our route took us along Sandsfjorden and Jøsenfjorden, and then across country to Tau. After a final ferry ride (replaced in 2020 by the new Ryfast tunnel system under the fjord), we were in Stavanger, almost exactly 34 years after I left.

Around Stavanger and a little further afield

In Stavanger, we visited with old friends, went fishing at my favorite spots along the fjord, and took in some of the great sights in the vicinity. One afternoon, we drove a few miles north of town to the island of Åmøy. The eastern part of the island, Austre Åmøy, is famous for its bronze age rock carvings. When I was a kid, visiting the carvings was an all-day school field trip involving a ferry ride, but now a bridge and undersea tunnel took us to the island in less than half an hour.

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Austre Åmøy shoreline

The carvings were a little tricky to find–down a narrow lane, through a farm gate, across a sheep pasture, and through a little wood–but were well worth the effort.

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Carved ships, approximately 3000 years old, with vertical lines representing rowers.
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Sedum anglicum (English stonecrop)on Austre Åmøy

South of Stavanger, we visited two sites in the Magma UNESCO Geopark: Gloppedalsura and Trollpikken. I had visited Gloppedalen and its giant scree many times as a child, but Trollpikken was new to me.

A picture of Gloppedalsura
A small part of Gloppedalsura. The scree fills the valley from mountain-side to mountain-side, and many of the boulders are the size of a house.  
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Big rocks with juvenile Homo sapiens for scale.

Trollpikken is a rock formation with interesting shape. In the United States, it would probably be named the Devil’s Finger, or something similar. Youngest offspring asked if Trollpikken means “the troll’s nose.” Nope:

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The land around Trollpikken is a fascinating combination of barren rocks and lush green. The soil in the little valleys and crevices among the rocks is sphagnum peat, and it harbors a number of interesting plant species.

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A view from the hiking trail to Trollpikken. Norway gets more than 90% of its electricity from hydroelectric installations, but clearly the wind blowing across these barren hills was worth harnessing.
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Echium vulgare (viper’s bugloss) adjacent to the Trollpikken parking lot
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Echium vulgare
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Dactylorhiza sp. (marsh orchid) growing in a small bog beside a stream
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Dactylorhiza sp.
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Drosera rotundifolia (spoonleaf sundew)
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Eriophorum sp. (cotton grass)
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Trollpikken in all its glory

Preikestolen

When in Rogaland, you must hike up to Preikestolen (the Pulpit Rock) to enjoy the amazing views of Lysefjorden and the complete lack of safety barriers. I had fond memories of childhood scrambles to the top and was eager to introduce my children to the joys of peeking over the edge. On the way up, I spotted more Drosera intermedia and Pinguicula vulgaris, and some nice clumps of Cornus suecica (bunchberry). The latter species is very similar to Cornus canadensis, which we often find in Maine, but Cornus suecica is more of a bog or heath species, while C. canadensis prefers woodland.

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Cornus suecica (bunchberry)
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Lysefjorden seen from 600 m above sea level.
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The kids celebrating their arrival on top of Preikestolen.

A friend’s garden

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Primula vialii (orchid primrose) in Morten’s garden

One of the high points of the trip was meeting up with my childhood friend Morten and seeing his  garden in Sandnes. As teenagers, Morten and I both kept aquarium fish.  My aquarium was usually stuffed with every oddball fish that I could lay my hands on, the stranger-looking the better, while Morten’s aquariums were beautifully aquascaped, with plants and fish always in perfect harmony.  Our gardens follow along the same lines.  In Morten’s lovely garden, I was very interested to see plants that I could never grow successfully through a hot North Carolina summer.  Paradoxically, North Carolina is also too cold for several South American species that can be grown in the mild climate of coastal Norway, where temperatures are buffered by the surrounding sea and gently warmed by the Gulf Stream.

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Araucaria araucana, the famous monkey puzzle tree from Chile.

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Candelabra primrose (probably Primula x bulleesiana)

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I was completely amazed to see a Gunnera sp. (giant rhubarb) growing in Norway.

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Gunnera inflorescence.  Morten told me that he mulched the rhizome with its own leaves to protect it in winter.

Heading home

Stavanger-Oslo

Sooner than we would have liked, it was time to head for home. We had planned to stick to the coast, passing through Kristiansand on our way back to Oslo, but heavy traffic induced us to try a less crowded inland route starting near Egersund. I am glad we did, because we stumbled across Terland Klopp, an early-19th century stone bridge surrounded by gorgeous foxgloves.

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Terland Klopp

And then vacation was over, and it was just a matter of catching our flight back to the U.S.

Six on Saturday #71 (July 23, 2022)

While western Europe has been experiencing historically high temperatures, and the western US is in extreme drought, we have had a more-or-less normal summer. Much of June and early July was dry and hot and humid, but not unusually so; the high temperature recorded on our screened porch this summer was 95.5 F (35.3 C), in-range for the region and time of the year. The dry spell was broken by a brief storm this week which dropped three inches of rain in about half an hour. The garden is currently at its most lush and overgrown point in its annual cycle, and with 80 F (26.7 C) and 94% relative humidity this morning, it feels like we are in the tropics. In keeping with that impression, today’s six plants have a subtropical feeling to them.

1. Platanthera ciliaris (yellow fringed orchid)

Plantanthera_ciliaris

Platanthera ciliaris is an orchid that looks as though it should grow in the tropics, but it actually has a native range extending from Florida north to Michigan and New England. In North Carolina, it grows in the mountains, piedmont, and coastal plain. Its distribution in the piedmont seems to be spotty, and although I have seen it growing wild along country roads near the coast, I have never seen it here in central NC. This one is growing in one of my mini-bog planters, a large pot filled with peat, sand, and perlite which sits in a shallow tray of water. P. ciliaris seems relatively easy to grow in costantly damp, acidic soil as long as it is not over-fertilized.

2. Lychnis senno ‘Once in a Vermillion’

Lychnis_senno

I wasn’t sure if this Japanese species would thrive in my garden, but in its second year it has more than doubled in size. It is growing on a dry, sandy slope made drier by the roots of a rapidly growing fig tree.

3. Crinum ‘Ellen Bosanquet’

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This classic Crinum hybrid is looking particularly good with six inflorescences this year.

4. Dionaea muscipula (Venus flytrap)

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Despite its common name, the ground-level traps of D. muscipula catch more crawling insects than flies.

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Old capsules with just a few shiny flytrap seeds left in them. Most of the seeds have already dropped into the pot below.

Another plant that looks as though it should be tropical, D. muscipula is actually native to a small region of coastal North and South Carolina centered around Wilmington, NC. These seed-grown plants in my mini-bogs are doing their best to increase their numbers by dropping seeds all over the place.

5. Eucomis ‘Glow Sticks’

Eucomis_glowsticks

Eucomis ‘Glow Sticks’ is noted for its foliage which emerges golden yellow and matures to bright green. Its pale flowers attract our local bees.

6. Chlosyne necteis (silvery checkerspot) on Iris domestica

silvery_checkerspot

I haven’t seen many butterflies this year. Even our usual crop of pipevine swallowtail caterpillars is absent from the Aristolochia fimbriata, and there aren’t any black swallowtail caterpillars on the fennel. I hope it doesn’t have anything to do with our neighbors’ habit of outdoor spraying against mosquitoes.

Perhaps this little checkerspot is a sign of better things to come. In a few weeks the big clump of Silphium perfoliatum (photo 6) will be flowering, and it usually attracts large numbers of tiger swallowtails whose caterpillars feed on the surrounding trees.

The Propagator is the host of Six on Saturday. Head over there to see his Six for this week and find links to the blogs of other participants.

Six on Saturday #62 (January 2, 2021)

flowers of Macleania sp. aff. smithiana
Macleania sp. aff smithiana

2021 has started cloudy and damp, and since we have already had several hard freezes this winter, there isn’t much that’s growing outside apart from a some cold-weather greens in the vegetable garden. This Six on Saturday is, therefore, a grab bag of tropical plants from my greenhouse.

1. Paphiopedilum purpuratum

Paphiopedilum purpuratum flower

Paphiopedilum purpuratum is a small slipper orchid native to Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China. According to the IUCN Red List, it is critically endangered, with fewer than 250 individual plants surviving in the wild. Despite its rarity in the wild, it is well established in cultivation, and artificially propagated seedlings like this one are relatively inexpensive, making it even sadder that the wild plants are still collected for unscrupulous horticulturalists.

2. Hippeastrum puniceum ‘Ibitipoca’

flower of Hippeastrum puniceum

Ibitipoca is a locality in Minas Gerais state, presumably where this clone of H. puniceum was originally collected.

3. Burbidgea schizocheila (golden brush ginger)

flowering plant of Burbidgea schizocheila

This very attractive dwarf ginger, endemic to Borneo, was once difficult to find in cultivation, but it is now being mass produced and shows up at local garden centers. I keep it outside in the summer, and it seems to flower mostly in winter without a prolonged dormant period.

4. Cavendishia capitulata (Huntington Botanical Gardens #92102)

flowering branches of Cavendishia capitulata

Flowering for the first time after growing for five years in my greenhouse, this pretty little shrub is an epiphytic member of the blueberry family (Ericaceae) from Costa Rica, Panama, and northern Colombia. Like the Macleania species that I have previously discussed, its flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds. I really love the fantastic shapes and colors of the neotropical Ericaceae, and I hope that the Cavendishia will prove to be as floriferous as the Macleania, which flowers almost nonstop now that it has reached a decent size (see photo at top of this page).

5. Nepenthes tobaica

Nepenthes tobaica pitcher

See Six on Saturday #12 for more information about Nepenthes pitcher plants. N. tobaica is a smallish species endemic to the region around Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra. My plant is still fairly young and only recently started producing fully mature pitchers.

6. Nepenthes rafflesiana

Nepenthes rafflesiana lower pitcher

N. rafflesiana is a much larger species with a wider native range encompassing Borneo, Sumatra, Singapore, and penisular Malaysia. Compared to the clone that I previously photographed (see picture 5), this seed-grown plant has more squat lower pitchers, and I prefer its more evenly distributed red speckling and dark red petioles.

The Propagator is the host of Six on Saturday. Head over there to see his Six for this week and find links to the blogs of other participants.

Six on Saturday #39, February 23, 2019

It’s hard to believe that it has been three months since I last managed to get a Six on Saturday post together. The past week has been gloomy and wet outside, so here are six plants that are currently flowering in my greenhouse.

1. Paphiopedilum Fanaticum

fanaticum1

Paphiopedilum x fanaticum is the natural hybrid of Paphiopedilum malipoense and P. micranthum.  When the same cross is produced in cultivation, the plants are designated Paphiopedilum Fanaticum.  This isn’t the greatest photo–light levels were low, and the flower is still opening–but I think you can see that the plant is aptly named.  Anyone who is subject to orchidelirium will likely be a fanatic for Paph. Fanaticum.

2. Epidendrum cf. schlechterianum

Epi_schlechterianum

E. schlechterianum is miniature orchid found from Costa Rica to northern South America (Peru, Colombia, Brazil).  Alternatively, E. schlechterianum grows only in Panama, and a group of closely related species–E. congestum, E. congestioides, E. oxynanodes, E. schizoclinandrium, E. serruliferum, and E. uleinanodes–are found elsewhere.  It all depends on which botanist you believe.  In any case, this is a bizarre little plant with flowers that are almost the same color and texture as the semi-succulent leaves that cover its creeping stems.  It grows well mounted on a chunk of treefern fiber and watered once or twice a week.

3. Dendrobium speciosum var. pedunculatum

Dendrobium1Dendrobium2

Some forms of the Australian Dendrobium speciosum grow so large that a forklift is required to move them, but D. speciosum var. pedunculatum is a dwarf variety.  My plant has been growing happily in a 4-inch (10 cm) diameter terracotta pot for the past five years, and its pseudobulbs are only slightly larger than my thumb.  In summer, it lives outside in almost full sun.  In winter, I keep it in the brightest end of the greenhouse and reduce watering to once every two or three weeks.

4. Utricularia sandersonii (Sanderson’s bladderwort)

Utricularia_sandersonii

Although its flowers look vaguely orchid-like, Utricularia sandersonii is a terrestrial bladderwort, a carnivorous member of the family Lentibulariaceae native to South Africa.  It grows in saturated soils, where its underground bladder traps can capture and digest protists or rotifers that are small enough to swim between the soil grains.  The leaves of U. sandersonii are a couple of millimeters long, and the flower, which looks a bit like a long-tailed rabbit (or maybe a bilby), is about 1 cm from top to bottom.

I grow U. sandersonii in a small pot sitting in water almost up to the surface of the soil (a mix of peat and silica sand).  After a few years, it forms a thick tangle of stolons and starts to deteriorate, perhaps because the supply of protists or trace elements in the soil has been exhausted.  At that point, propagation is simply a matter of tearing off a chunk of soil/stolons and using it to inoculate a new pot of soil.

5.  Hippeastrum striatum

Hippeastrum_striatum

H. striatum is a smallish species from southern Brazil.  Its bulbs, leaves, and flowers are all much smaller than the big hybrid hippeastrums that are sold as “Amaryllis” at Christmas time, and I think it is better suited to cultivation in pots.

6. Cyrtanthus (species?  hybrid?)

Cyrtanthus

This plant grew from seed that I purchased as Cyrtanthus stenanthus, but it appears to have been mislabeled.  It seems to want grow in winter/spring and goes dormant in hot weather.

Six on Saturday is hosted by The Propagator.  Head over there to see his Six for this week and to find links to the blogs of other participants.

Six on Saturday #27, May 5, 2018

Here we go again.  Six more plants blooming on a Saturday.  When you are finished here, get on over to The Propagator’s site for more Six on Saturday.

1.  Philadelphus inodorus (scentless mock orange)

Philadelphus_inodorus

I grew this pretty native shrub from seed obtained from the NC Botanical Garden’s annual members’ seed list.  It seems to be primarily a species of the Appalachians, but the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service has records for Orange and Randolph Counties in the NC piedmont.

2.  Melittis melissophyllum ‘Royal Velvet Distinction’ (bastard balm)

Melittis

I bought this European perennial partly for its pretty flowers, but mostly for its common name.  Its Latin name suggests that it is popular with bees, but I haven’t been able to track down the origin of “bastard balm”.  For the first two years, it produced a fairly sad little flowerless rosette, and I wondered if it didn’t like our climate or soil.  But, this year it has grown three flowering stems that are about a foot tall.

3.  Iris tectorum (Japanese roof iris)

Iris_tectorum

As with many other Japanese species, Iris tectorum loves our climate.   After the flowers fade, the foliage remains neat and tidy throughout the summer and autumn, dying back only in midwinter.  I started with a single plant ten years ago , but I scatter seed every autumn.  Now there are scattered clumps and large drifts throughout the garden.  Some of the older clumps suffer from iris borers in late summer, but there are always enough seedlings to replace them.  I think it might be nice to get a few of the white form to intersperse among the typical lavender flowers, but the whites have suddenly become hard to find at local nurseries.

4.  Arisaema triphyllum (jack in the pulpit) 

Arisaema_triphyllum

This is another plant that is slowly spreading through the garden.  I started my garden population from seed of local wild plants, but at this point I’m on the third or fourth generation of cultivated plants.  A. triphyllum isn’t as bizarre as some of the Asian Arisaema species, but I like our little native.

5.  Amorphophallus konjac (konjaku, voodoo lily)

Amorphophallus1

Hey, who planted this stinking aroid so close to the house?  And right next to the beautifully fragrant Persian musk rose, too.  Oh, yeah, it was me.

There are three flowering this year.  The burying beetles and blow flies are so pleased

6.  Sarracenia flava (yellow pitcher plant)

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Fresh young pitchers of one of our native carnivorous plants emerging from my bog garden which is in desperate need of a renovation.